Meaning
A housing development or planned residential neighbourhood — a 'housing scheme' of laid-out lots and houses, from modest government schemes to middle-class ones. 'Which scheme yuh live inna?' asks which neighbourhood you're from. (No negative sense of 'scheme' is implied.)
Examples
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Dem move to a nice scheme inna Portmore.
They moved to a nice housing development in Portmore.
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Which scheme yuh grow up inna?
Which neighbourhood did you grow up in?
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Di whole scheme come out fi di street dance.
The whole neighbourhood came out for the street dance.
Origin
From 'housing scheme' (a planned development); in Jamaica 'scheme' simply means a residential neighbourhood, without the plotting sense.
How it’s used
Means a residential neighbourhood/development, neutral. Distinct from the English 'scheme' (a plot).